History- Slave Trade

Describe the different colonial economies; and how that influenced their adoption of slavery (or lack thereof). The Chesapeake Bay and Carolina colonists pursued wealth and later realized the value of tobacco by the help of John Rolfe. They believed that gold, silver and a wide variety of raw materials could be located in Jamestown. Unfortunately the colonists were ceased of gaining profit due to the living conditions and lack of knowledge. Causing many deaths from various diseases and diminishing the their population.Colonists also refused to farm forcing them to steal food stock from the Indians creating a quite the quarrel among the two. The colony was mostly male as well as indentured servants. If any, families were very small and with no to a couple of children. Some time later they began spreading out their homes in search for tobacco. This decentralized the colony and decreased their knowledge of disease. By the water ways they would establish their homes to help with the impo rt and export of materials. Now labor was much needed to keep the materials flowing so African slaves were sent to help with labor.This was a part of the triangular trade among Africa, northern colonies, Britain, and the Caribbean. The Northern Colonies were much more stable than Southern colonies They were more focused on the religion and keeping a structured family. There was a better men to women ratio than the Chesapeake colony. Their life expectancy was better than south by 15-20 years. Even though the climate was colder their knowledge of farming gave them plenty of food to supply themselves. They believed in living in close quarters of one another and having a center of the colony.This provided them with knowledge and uses of medicine to prevent disease. Their population was now healthier and now families were larger than ever before. With triangular trade across the Atlantic African slaves were sent everywhere to take over the labor to produce products. In the southern colon ies they lacked a labor workforce and were supplied with slaves from the Caribbean. The African slaves were then sent to the north due to the overflow of slaves in the south. The northern colonies slave population was one of the lowest among the other colonies because the population had no problem with hard work.

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay

Born First, Born Smarter This study involves a person’s intellectual development in correlation to the order in which they were born in relation to their siblings. Two research psychologists, Robert B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, developed a theory in an attempt to explain the relationship between birth order and intelligence. They conducted this study by gathering information from previous research and applied it to the data they collected themselves. A research project was conducted n the late 1960’s that involved testing the intellectual abilities of children born at the end of WWII. They found a strong relationship between the birth order and the Raven test scores. The ones born first scored higher, and the score decreased with the declining birth order. However, the average Raven score for the first born in a two family is only about 5 points higher then that for a last born in a family with nine children. So the more children you have, and the smaller the gap between each child is, the more intelligent each child in succession will be. In Control and Glad of It Researchers Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin conducted a field experiment using elderly people in an elderly home to test the outcome of when people are given control as opposed to when people have everything done for them. Langer and Rodin’s prediction was that if the loss of personal responsibility for one’s life causes a person to be less happy and healthy, then increasing control and power should have the opposite effect. Two floors of the elderly home were randomly selected to be observed. One floor was given options for certain things such as there furniture arrangement and which movie they would like to attend. The other floor, was given no such options and had everything arranged and done for them by the staff. The staff was asked to fill out questionnaires about the patients on their floor (the staff new nothing of the experiment). The questionnaires had questions on it to comment about things such as if the patents were sociable, happy, alert, and even how much they visited other patients. The differences between the two groups were incredible. They determined that overall, the increased responsibility group’s condition improved over the three weeks of  the study, while the no-control group was doing progressively poorer. They concluded that when people who have been forced to give up their control and decision-making power are given a greater sense of personal responsibility, their lives and attitudes improve, as is true with the opposing side. More Experience = Bigger Brain Mark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett wanted to find out if the brain changes in response to experience. Because this experiment involved long periods of observation and even autopsies to observe the changes in the brain, the two researchers couldn’t use human subjects, so they used rats for the experiment. Three male rats where chosen to participate and assigned to one of three conditions. One rat remained in the colony cage with the rest of the colony. One rat was placed in an â€Å"enriched environment† and one was placed in an â€Å"impoverished environment†. There were 12 rats in each of these conditions for each of the 16 experiments. The standard cage had many rats and had adequate space with food and water always available. The improvised environment was a slightly smaller cage, isolated in a separate room, where the rat was alone with adequate food and water. Finally, the enriched environment was a large cage filled with many toys and furnished with e very luxury a rat could want. The results indicated that the brains of the enriched rats were highly different from those of the impoverished rats. The cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was significantly heavier and thicker then those of the impoverished rats. Also, the study found a significantly greater number of glial cells in the enriched rats’ brains compared with the rats raised in the dull environment. After 10 years of experiment and research the researchers could clearly and confidently state that â€Å"there is no doubt that many aspects of brain anatomy and brain chemistry are changed by experience.† However, many scientists were skeptical of there findings because there were factors that Rosenzweig and Bennett didn’t take into consideration. The enriched rats were handled more which could have been a brain stimulus and the impoverished rats could have been stressed from having no contact with anyone or anything at all. See Aggression†¦Do Aggression One of he most famous and influential experiment ever conducted in psychology history demonstrated how children learn to be aggressive. This study by Albert Bandura and his associates Dorothea Ross and Shelia Ross was carried out in 1961 at Stanford University. The researchers asked for the help of the Stanford University nursery in obtaining thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls raging from ages 3-6. The average age for he children was 4 years and 4 months. Twenty four of the children were assigned to the control group which was the group that wasn’t exposed to any model. The rest of the children were divided into two groups: one exposed to aggressive models and one exposed to non-aggressive models, they were also divided by sex. They eventually had 8 experimental groups divided by gender and level of aggression. First, the experimenter brought a child from one of the groups to a playroom with an adult model. The adult model beat a Bobo doll with a fake mallet while the child played with other toys. Another child was brought in after and the adult model ignored the Bobo doll. This went on for all the groups. 1) The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors they observed when left alone with the Bobo doll. 2) Overall, girls were more likely to imitate the verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll, while the boys showed more physical violence. 3) Boys were significantly more physically aggressive then girls in nearly all the conditions. 4) The boys used the mallet significantly more then girls in almost all of the conditions. 5) The control group was generally less violent then the experimental group.6) in cases with a non-aggressive female, the children used hardly any aggressive language. What You Expect Is What You Get This study involves teacher’s expectancies of pupils and how that affects the students I.Q. gains. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a study where they theorized that when an elementary school teacher is provided with information (such as I.Q. scores) that creates certain expectancies about a student’s potential, either strong or weak, the teacher might unknowingly behave in ways that subtly encourage or facilitate the performance of the students seen as more likely to succeed. An elementary school was chosen and  all the children grades 1-6 were given an I.Q. test near the beginning of the year. The teachers were told that there students were taking the â€Å"Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition†. This was told to them because this test was supposed to be a predictor for a child’s academic blooming. Teachers believed that students that scored higher would enter a period of increased learning abilities. This was also not true. Children were chosen at random to be within the top 20 percentile of this test and the teachers were informed of this. All other children were the control group of this experiment. At the end of the year the children were tested again using the I.Q. test and the children originally chosen for the top 20% showed a significantly increased score then those of the control group in grades one and two. In grades 3-6 the difference was not so great. The reason for the 1st and 2nd grade development was thought to be because of how younger minds were more malleable then older children and how younger children don’t have a reputation from previous school years. I Can See It All Over Your Face Researchers Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen conducted a study about how facial expressions and emotions are a universal language. The first problem with this experiment was that the researchers had to find subjects that had never been exposed to media or magazines because this would enable the subjects to not truthfully identify a certain emotional expression. Ekman and Freisen found a group of people like this in the Southeast Highlands of New Guinea called the Fore people. They were an isolated Stone Age society with not much contact of any other people outside there environment, let alone any media. They had not been exposed to emotional facial expressions other then those of there own people. The two researchers showed there experimental groups of adults and children pictures of different facial expressions of people from the United States and told them a sentence. They asked them to identify by pointing, to the correct matching facial expression. The adults were given three pictures to choose from and the children were given two. There was not much difference between male and female recognition of expressions, however the children did fair a little better in the experiment. This could have been attributed to the fact that  the children only had to choose between two pictures instead of three. The results for both adults and children clearly support the researcher’s theory that particular facial behaviors are universally associated with particular emotions. The only trouble that the Fore people had was distinguishing between fear and surprise, and this was because these people closely associated fear and surprise as one emotion. Racing Against Your Heart Using their earlier research and clinical observations, two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, developed a model of traits for a specific type of persons behavioral pattern that they believed was related to growing levels of cholesterol and to heart disease. The first pattern, pattern A, had characteristics such as a drive to achieve your goals, a competing personality, multi-tasking that involves meeting deadlines, and extreme alertness. Following this is another type of people, called pattern B. Pattern B is the exact opposite of pattern A. They lacked drive, ambition, desire to compete, and involvement in deadlines. A third set of behaviors developed was called pattern C. This was very much like pattern B but involved anxiety and insecurity. Friedman and Rosenman interviewed about 166 men for there experiment. They first questions they asked them were about there family’s medical history, so they could see if they had CHD. While in this interview the researc hers categorized each man into a pattern A or B category by the way he answered questions, or his tone, or body language. Each subject was asked to keep a log of there diet over the course of a week and blood tests were taken from each of the men to measure cholesterol levels. Friedman and Rosenman matched each man into pattern A and pattern B easily. Each man fit into one of the developed patterns. The researchers found that the men in Pattern A group had significantly higher chances of heart disease and that type A behavior was a major cause of blood abnormalities. However there could be other reasons why Type A had higher chances of heart disease such as, there family’s history. More men in the pattern A group had parents with heart disease. Another difference was that pattern A men smoked more cigarettes a day then did the subjects in group B. This study was very important in the history of psychology for a few  reasons. One way was that it proved certain behavioral patterns can cause major heart related illness. Another is that this study began a new line of research and questioning into t he relationship between behavior and CHD. The largest long-range outcome from this study that has played an important role in creating a new branch of psychology called health psychology. Not Practicing What You Preach This study involves attitudes and actions toward different racial groups. It was determine if what people say is actually what they will do if they come face to face with the problem. Richard T. LaPiere traveled extensively with a young Chinese couple in 1930 and 1931. The couple was very nice and personable and he was glad to be traveling with them. During this time there was a lot of prejudice in the U.S. against Asians. So, LaPiere was very surprised when the Asian couple was graciously accommodated at a very fine hotel that had a reputation for greatly disliking Orientals. Two months later he called the same hotel and asked if they would accommodate a very important Chinese man and they said defiantly not. LaPiere then developed a theory that stated â€Å"What people say is often not what they do†. The study was conducted in two separate parts. First, LaPiere went with his Chinese friends to many hotels and restaurant throughout the U.S. over the course of two years. He took record of how the couple was treated and made sure to first stay out of site of the managers of the establishments to ensure that the couple wouldn’t be treated differently in his presence. The second part of the experiment was for LaPiere to wait 6 months after there trip (to make sure the effect of the Chinese couples visit had faded), and then call each establishment that they went to or stayed at, and asked them if they would accommodate a Chinese person. After almost three years, LaPiere had enough information to make a comparison of social attitudes social behavior. Out of the 251 hotels and restaurants they attended, only one refused the couple and LaPiere service because of the couple’s race. Aside from that instance, all other places accommodated them with average or above average service. When he received most of the letters back with an answer from the hotels and restaurants over 90% of them said they would absolutely not accommodate anyone of the Chinese race. This confirmed LaPiere’s theory that what people  say, is not always how they will act. The Power of Conformity Research psychologist Solomon E. Asch conducted a study to see if people will give into peer pressure and conform to there friends ideas. A person was let into a room (Subject A) with seven other subjects. These seven people, without subject A knowing, were not participants in the experiment, they were helping the experimenter. Each person was asked which line was longer on a card that was shown to them. Subject A went first and then followed was the seven other subjects and then subject A was asked again. They did this several times until one time, all the other subjects disagreed with subject A and all picked the same one, different form his choice. When the card came back to subject A he picked the one everyone else picked. Seventy-Five percent of the time the first subject will conform to the group’s consensus at least once. The powerful effects of group pressures to conform were clearly demonstrated in Asch’s study. There are four factors that could have an effect on the reduction of conformity. These factors are social support, attraction and commitment to the group, size of the group, and gender of the group. If you have people on your side you are more likely to stay with your answer rather then conform. Crowding Into The Behavioral Sink The effects of crowding on our behavior are something that has interested psychologists for decades. One man in particular, John B. Calhoun was especially interested in it when he conducted this study on crowding and social pathology. It may be hard to believe but rats do have a social side. The reason Calhoun used rats were because he needed many subjects for long periods of time that were willing to crowd together for a while. Humans wouldn’t be very good at this. He used a 10Ãâ€"14 foot room and divided it into 4 sections. Section one was connected to section 2 by a ramp, section 2 was connected to section 3 by a ramp, and section 3 was connected to section 4 by a ramp. The walls were electrified so in order to get from section 1 to section 4 you needed to go through all the rooms. The rooms were also filled  with shreds of paper, in order for the rats to make nests. The experimenter filled the rooms with rats. They started with about 4 rats and waited or the rats to multiply until they reached 80. When over 80 were reached some rats were removed so they always had a constant number. When the rats got older, they started to fight with each other for space even though it wasn’t necessarily too crowded. The two end rooms were soon fought for because they got the most space and privacy so the rat that won the fight always stayed on guard at the end of the ramp for security. Some rats became submissive and others always fought. Some of the rats were very sexually active and some wanted nothing to do with it. Some of the mothers in the two middle pens became inadequate. They often left their children and lost all maternal abilities. One environment where the same thing that happened to the rats might happen to humans is in an overcrowded prison. It was found in a very crowded prison where each inmate has approximately 50 square feet, as opposed to one with more room, there were more cases of homicides, suicide, illness, and disciplinary problems. Crowding also has negative effects on problem-solving abilities. When in a small room that’s crowded subjects had a more difficult time listening to a story and putting tighter a puzzle, then did another group with more space and the same tasks. Relaxing Your Fears Away Researcher Joseph Wolpe was a research psychologist specializing in the systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses. The word phobia comes from Phobos, the name of the Greek god of fear. Phobias are divided into three main categories. Simple phobias are phobias that involve irrational fears of animals or specific situations such as small spaces or heights. Social phobias are irrational fears about interaction with others. Agoraphobia is the irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space. These are all irrational and all can be treated in similar ways. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that was credited to Wolpe as perfecting and applying it to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is the way of unlearning a learned behavior. Reciprocal inhibition is when two responses inhibit each other, and only one may exist at a given moment. There are three steps that a patient must follow in order  to rid themselves of a phobi a. Wolpe says that you cannot be in a complete relaxed state and have an irrational fear at the same time, so the first step is relaxation. He taught the patient to go into a deep state of relaxation whenever they wanted or needed too. The process involves tensing and relaxing your muscles until you have reached a state of complete relaxation. Wolpe also incorporated hypnosis to ensure full relaxation. The next step in the process is for the therapist and patient to develop a list of high anxiety-producing situations involving your phobia. Starting with the least stressful and ending with the most stressful. The final stage is called the unlearning stage. The patient has to go into a deep state of relaxation and the therapist will read off to you your fears of the list. If at any point you feel anxiety the therapist stops you return to your relaxation mode and the therapist will continue. This process continues until the therapist can go through the entire list with you feeling the least bit anxious. The success of their therapy was judged by the patients own reports and by the occasional direct observation. He had a success rate of 91% with the 39 cases he had. The average number of treatment sessions needed was 12.3. Wolpe said that he hasn’t had any patient relapse after a complete desensitization recovery. Who’s Crazy Here, Anyway? David L. Rosenhan conducted an experiment with sane people going into mental facilities claiming to hear voices, to see if the patients would be immediately released if acting completely sane. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the situations in which the observers find the patients. Eight subjects including Rosenhan committed themselves to eight different mental hospitals. Each subject was completely sane and in perfect mental health. When committing themselves to the hospital they complained of hearing voices and all but one where admitted and on record as having schizophrenia. Each patient once admitted, acted perfectly sane and showed no signs of schizophrenia yet were treated as though they did have a mental illness throughout their entire stay. They were given medication which they disposed of and were not treated as normal people. It was as if because they  were in the mental hospital, they were automatically considered to not be a real human being. Rosenhan’s study demonstrated rather strongly that normal â€Å"patients† cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the strength of the mental setting has over the patient’s actual behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a place, there is a strong inclination for them to be viewed in ways that strip them of all individuality. This study surprises me. I’m taken aback that these professionals that have worked with mentally ill patients cannot decipher between a truly mental patient and a completely mentally-healthy patient. It is extremely unprofessional that the staff member/nurse did at one of the facilities by adjusting her bra in front of patients as if they weren’t real people. Thanks For The Memories One of the leading researchers in the area of memory is Elizabeth Loftus at the University of Washington. She has found that when an event is recalled it is not accurately recreated. Instead it’s what’s called reconstructive memory. Loftus defines a presupposition as a condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense. For example, suppose that you have witnessed an automobile accident and I ask you, â€Å"How many people were in the car that was speeding?† The question presupposes that the car was speeding. One experiment done by Loftus was having students in small groups watch a car accident video that was about 1 minute long. After the film ended the students had to answer questions. For half the students the first question was â€Å"How fast was car A going when it ran the stop sign?† The other students had a question that read â€Å"How fast was car A going when I turned right?† The last question for both groups was â€Å"Did you see the stop sign?† In the group that had been asked about the stop sign 53% of the subjects said they saw a stop sign for car A, while only 35% in the â€Å"turned right† group claimed to have seen it. Based on these and other studies, Loftus argues that an accurate theory of memory and recall must include a process of reconstruction that occurs when new information is integrated into the original memory of an event. There is little doubt that in the course of criminal prosecutions, eye witness reports are subject to many sources of  error such as post event information integration.

My own experiences of education education essay

Paideias doctrine is based on the belief that schools can be informal and individualised, yet still educate good. ( Paideia School ) How does this comparison with my ain doctrine about Mathematicss? This has decidedly changed and I believe for my ain good. Previous instruction experiences left me really disillusioned, I wanted to alter my sentiments and beliefs, travel frontward, and enable others to alter their doctrines about mathematics every bit good. Some people look upon mathematics as a tabu topic, and we, as instructors, need to guarantee that everyone has chances opened to them to heighten and promote their ain academic acquisition. We need to guarantee that student ‘s acquisition is individualised and that their experiences within the schoolroom are gratifying, motivational yet disputing. Mike Ollerton ( 2009, page 4 ) suggests that ‘The more confident any pupil becomes, the more competent they become. Achievement strains assurance, assurance strains competency and competency causes enjoyment ‘ . So what do I believe mathematics is? Mathematicss for me is an international linguistic communication, which describes, analyses and alterations everything. It consists of a monolithic set of tools and we need to work out which tool to utilize when using or work outing mathematics. We learn new accomplishments and must guarantee we can utilize and use them, by being able to make this makes us more competent to get by with day-to-day life. My ain experiences of instruction connect really much to the information given in the Cockcroft Report ( 1982, chapter 9 ) , which states expressed information on the instruction system of that peculiar epoch. However, the Smith Report ( 2004 ) ( Chapter 3, pages 53- 55 ) identifies the current mathematics tracts for the National Curriculum ( pre-16 ) . This gives a more appropriate portraiture of the National Curriculum, which is loosely used, within schools in the United Kingdom. Education throughout my ain life-time has greatly altered, so how has this affected my ain acquisition, my teaching method? Capable Knowledge is really of import for a trainee instructor because you need to understand the topic and you need to be able to convey it to pupils to guarantee they can understand and construe it to the full to increase their learning capablenesss. My ain capable cognition is continuously altering and progressing, learning a subject allows oneself to better and escalate the techniques for learning a assortment of subjects and of the assorted ways, those students are able to entree their acquisition. In 1986, Shulman introduced the phrase pedagogical content cognition. In his theoretical model, he states: ‘Teachers need to get the hang two types of cognition ( a ) content which is besides known as â€Å" deep † cognition of the topic itself, and ( B ) cognition of the curricular development ‘ . However, why is capable cognition so of import? ‘Teachers who have effectual capable expertness cognize how to construction larning in ways that allow students to link seemingly different subjects, and construct on their earlier acquisition ‘ . ( OFSTED, 2008 ) To guarantee my ain capable cognition continues to better I utilize the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics ( NCETM ) . Using the NCETM enables me to go on bettering my ain teaching method and my professional development, which so ensures that I can dispute and reassure students that they can make their ain academic potency every bit good. The Department for Education ( DfE ) ] set up the National CentreA in response to Professor Adrian Smith ‘s study Making Mathematics Count, ( 2004 ) . How can I guarantee that students and I work collaboratively to heighten their academic larning possible? On my first arrangement I wanted the students to work together in braces or groups ; this is something that had non antecedently been apparent and met with ill will from the students because it was something different. ‘There is now general understanding in research that concerted little group work has positive effects on both societal accomplishments and mathematics larning ‘ . ( Standard ‘s Unit, 2005, by Malcolm Swan ) However, this attack needed more practise and I needed to guarantee the mixture of the group would be able to work together. Once the students were more comfy about working in braces, I was so able to put them in specific groups and this encouraged them to work more collaboratively with different students and non experience uncomfortable or embarrassed about giving their positions or replies. The groups became supportive and were able to develop their ain cognition and understanding even further. To promote collaborative working amongst equals and other learning staff ensures sharing of resources, lesson programs and different schemes, which work with different twelvemonth or twelvemonth groups. Bing able to interchange thoughts and different instruction manners improves larning outlooks for both staff and pupils. Within the attack for coaction, I feel that the usage of staging is an country that worked non merely between the students and me but besides with the more able students and those with lower abilities. Originally introduced in the 1950 ‘s by Constructivist Jerome Bruner, nevertheless Vygotsky used a similar thought that larning depended on the zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) , in which he defined: â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent problem-solving and the degree of possible development as determined through problem-solving under grownup counsel, or in coaction with more capable equals. â€Å" ( Vygotsky, 1978 ) In my first arrangement, I used scaffolding to back up larning but I besides found that by lumping certain spots of information the students were better able to retain the information. Why is this? George A Miller ( 1956 ) produced landmark work on the short-run memory. He proposed that: ‘Information is organized into units or â€Å" balls † , and the restrictions on short term memory apply to the figure of balls an person can keep in consciousness at one clip. Balls can hold variable size, and the figure of balls worlds can keep in short-run memory is 7 + 2 ‘ . ( Miller, 1956 ) Another larning theory that I connect with and utilize regularly is that of positive support ( B. F. Skinner, 1971 – Operant conditioning ) , I find that utilizing positive reinforcing stimuluss for illustration spines, raffle tickets improves non merely the student ‘s behavior but besides increases their motivational accomplishments. Skinner suggests that: ‘A reinforcing stimulus is anything that strengthens the coveted response. It could be verbal congratulations, a good class or a feeling of increased achievement or satisfaction ‘ . Learning mathematics can happen in a assortment of different state of affairss. What is most of import is that the student uses a method that works for them and instructors are cognizant of a assortment of different methods to guarantee pupils are accomplishing their full academic potency. Presently, I am experimenting with different starting motor activities and plenaries. At arrangement one, I experimented with rich activities that I produced, tarzia mystifiers ; loop cards and mini-whiteboards because the pupils were non familiar with them, by presenting these different facets easy allowed me to allow the students extend/further their ain acquisition comfortably without experiencing over challenged. I feel that the starter gets the students in the temper for larning – by giving them a assortment of disputing activities gets them believing about the mathematics involved in the undertakings. My plenaries combine to demo how the students have understood the work covered in category and how it links to the acquisition objectives/outcomes for the lesson. ‘Effective instructors make good usage of starting motors and plenaries in the context of synergistic whole-class instruction to prosecute all students in constructive deep acquisition ‘ . ( Department for Education and Skills, Sept 2004 ) Another country that I have been experimenting with is my oppugning techniques. I have besides found Bloom ‘s taxonomy utile in be aftering aims for lessons in my 2nd arrangement and for progressively ambitious inquiries utilizing the cognitive aims. Why is this? ‘You can utilize the stairss in the taxonomy to assist program aims for lessons over a period of clip to guarantee that lessons are doing progressively disputing cognitive demands on students. You can besides utilize them to be after sequences of inquiries in a lesson. By sequencing inquiries in this manner, you can assist pupils to intensify their apprehension, to develop their thought accomplishments and for them to go more effectual scholars ‘ . ( Department for Education and Skills, 2004 ) Another country for experimentation has been the account of rules. By detecting a assortment of different learning staff, I can place and larn how to near different subjects particularly the higher-level work. Within this subdivision, I feel that I am manner out of my comfort zone but I need to dispute this and guarantee that I improve my capable cognition. I do non believe that I will of all time halt larning different facets of mathematics nevertheless, by taking portion in excess observations ; I am able to travel off from my comfort zone and widen my ain acquisition and apprehension. I am able to detect how to explicate cardinal constructs and the alterations needed in accounts for the students of different abilities. What or who is informing my ain pattern? I have found that the people who have influenced my instruction pattern are chiefly the wise mans both at University and at the schools. The constructive feedback from lesson observations is priceless and enables oneself to set their ain pattern to integrate new thoughts and schemes. By being able to detect a assortment of different learning staff, I am able to derive greater accomplishments and attitudes on how to near new subjects, behaviour direction and schemes to get by with ‘the bad lesson experience ‘ . Another good beginning towards informing my pattern has been the Schemes of Work related to different scrutiny boards. My first arrangement covered the AQA course of study, the system was good prepared and set up. However, my 2nd arrangement uses the Kangaroo Maths course of study for KS3 students and a assortment of OCR course of studies covering the additive and modular test boards for the KS4 students. My utilizations of different instruction manners are besides developing within my instruction repertory. I like to guarantee that my lessons incorporate different facets of the Visual, Auditory, Kinaesthetic and Tactile manners to guarantee that all students are able to entree relevant information in their ain preferable acquisition manner guaranting that Every Child does Matter. Psychologists and learning specializers foremost developed the VAK construct, theory and methods in the 1920 ‘s. Howard Gardner ( 1983 ) suggests that: ‘The VAK theoretical account provides a different position for understanding and explicating a individual ‘s preferred or dominant thought and acquisition manner, and strengths ‘ . So what about the hereafter of mathematics and ICT? British Educational and Communications Technology Association ( BECTA ) , now axed under the new authorities, was one of the chief thrusts into acquiring computing machines into school. BECTA ran Home Access, the former Labour authorities ‘s strategy to bridge the â€Å" digital divide † by guaranting all kids have a computing machine at place particularly amongst the poorest households in the United Kingdom. ( BECTA, 2010 ) A SecEd symposium held in March 2010 stated that: ‘Students today are turning up in a digital age, pass oning and larning via engineering now more than of all time earlier. To fix pupils for future success, schools are encompassing engineering to heighten the instruction and larning experience and transform educationaˆÂ ¦to genuinely transform acquisition schools must incorporate engineering tools that can broaden the instruction experience and link the schoolroom with the twenty-first century ‘ . Within my first arrangement, the school used ‘Mathswatch ‘ as a resource to utilize in lessons and at place by the students. I was besides able to utilize the artworks reckoners to assist pupils recognize and place different facets of graphical work. This was really good for the students and they enjoyed utilizing them. My 2nd arrangement, is a Technology College, where ICT is far more extended. Synergistic whiteboards are in all schoolrooms, ICT is a separate section as recommended in the Smith Report 2004. The usage of Mymaths enables prep to be utilized as a resource that gives instant appraisal. This is another country of experimentation for me, being able to put prep utilizing ICT and acquiring instant accessible consequences, this could be utile when composing studies and roll uping spreadsheets of the student ‘s assessment consequences. The Smith Report ( 2004 ) recognises the relevancy of mathematics to everyone and I feel stresses the importance of why mathematics still deserves its topographic point in the school course of study: â€Å" It is importance for its ain interest, as an rational subject ; for the cognition economic system ; for scientific discipline, engineering and technology ; for the workplace ; and for the single citizen. ( Chapter 1, page 3, point 0.12 ) This point emphasises the value of mathematics within assorted different facets of mundane life. We need to guarantee that students leave school with the appropriate mathematical accomplishments that will enable them to get by in their hereafter callings. My concluding point comes from a rabbinical expression: ‘Do n't restrict a kid to your ain acquisition, for that kid was born in another clip. ‘ Word count ( 2155 )Mentions:BECTA, 2010, ICT, ( online ) , from: webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ †¦ /http: /www.becta.org.uk, accessed 11/04/2011 Cockcroft Report, 1982, Mathematics Counts, ( online ) , from: www.educationengland.org.uk/ †¦ /cockcroft/cockcroft00.html, accessed 11/04/2011. Department for Education and Skills, 2004, Pedagogy and Practice: Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools – Unit of measurement 5: Starters and Plenaries ( online ) , available at: www.standards.dfes.gov.uk, [ Accessed on 11/04/2011 ] . Department for Education and Skills, 2004, Pedagogy and Practice: Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools – Unit of measurement 7: Questioning, ( online ) , available at: www.standards.dfes.gov.uk, [ Accessed on 11/04/2011 ] . Gardner, H. , 1983, The Multiple Intelligences Concepts and VAK acquisition manners, ( online ) , from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htm, accessed on 11/04/2011 Miller, G.A. , ( 1956 ) , Short-run memory and VAK construct, from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/IP/GAMiller.html, accessed on 11/04/2011. Ofsted, 2008, Mathematicss: Understanding the Mark, ( online ) , from: www.ofsted.gov.uk, accessed 11/04/2011. Ollerton, M, 2009, Mathematics Teacher ‘s Handbook, Continuum International Publishing Group, London. Paideia Schools, nd, Paideia Schools, ( online ) , available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.paideaischool.org/ , accessed 01/04/2011. Sec. Ed. , 2010, ICT and the Future of Education, ( online ) , from: www.sec-ed.co.uk/cgi-bin/go.pl/article/article.html, accessed 11/04/2011 Skinner. B.F. , 1971, Operant Conditioning – Positive Supports, ( online ) , from: hypertext transfer protocol: //tip.psychology.org/skinner.html- , accessed on 11/04/2011. Smith Report, 2004, Making Mathematicss Count – The study of Professor Adrian Smith ‘s Inquiry into Post-14 Mathematics Education, ( online ) , from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mathsinquiry.org.uk/report/MathsInquiryFinalReport.pdf, accessed 11/04/2011. Swan. M. , 2005, Standard ‘s Unit – Bettering acquisition in mathematics, ( online ) , from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncetm.org.uk/public/ †¦ /improving_learning_in_mathematicsi.pdf, accessed 11/04/2011. Teacher ‘s In-Depth Content Knowledge, nd, Shulman, from hypertext transfer protocol: //ww.intime.uni.edu/model/teacher/teac2summary.html, accessed on 11/04/2011 The National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics, 2010, NCETM, ( online ) , from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncetm.org.uk, accessed 11/04/2011. Vygotsky. L. , 1978, Zone of proximal development, ( online ) , from: www.simplypsychology.org/vygotsky78.pdf – United States, accessed on 11/04/2011.

Critical review of a textbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical review of a textbook - Essay Example Human beings are singular and unique hence their choices also boil down to personal preferences. Essentially, the authors make an assumption that every person is a sexual being and it forms an integral part of every person either consciously or unconsciously. According to (Myerson 2007), the basis of human sexuality is the gender of person. The way a person chooses to experience and express their sexuality is also dependent on social factors on top of their biological nature. Thus, the authors agree that sexuality is an individual decision and it can not be forced on a person. It is also evident that human sexuality is self discovery process which and people define their sexuality at different times in their lives. (Rathus et al 2005) note that gender roles in some cultures dictate the ways in which males and females are expected to behave. However, the authors agree that these roles are not necessary right and individuals have the freedom to decide their sexuality even if it may con flict with the expectations of the society. Rathus et al (2005) stated that the society prescribes gender roles and gender identities based purely on the sex of the person. This implies that one is assigned social roles and stereotypes based purely on their biological sex. In this regard boys and girls are treated in a different ways. For instance, the authors point out that gender typing begins from the naming of children. Girls are inclined to engage in motherhood roles only while boys play masculine roles. The effect of this is a person grows in a predefined gender identity based on their biological make up. However, it should be noted that gender identity and roles transcend the confines of biological make up in terms of X and Y chromosomes. (McDonald p.45) argues that although sex is predefined by the biological composition of chromosomes in a person, gender is not necessarily imposed on a person. Gender typing can be biased if it is only based on the biological aspects of a pe rson. Gender identity can either be due to a person’s perceived or actual sex. Therefore, it is possible for sexism to arise if the issue of gender is imposed on people based only on their sex disregarding other factors that can shape the sexuality of a person. In fact, the authors point out that the traditional gender stereotyping based only on the sex of an individual may leave out the transsexualism, intersexualism, and hermophroditism. This implies that gender typing leaves out the people who transgress from the traditional gender brackets that are narrowly defined by the biologically. Rathus et al point that there is cross-cultural evidence on gender typing based on long held gender stereotypes. Children are socialized to behave in gender defined roles and they differentially prepared for adulthood. As noted by (Simoni 2000), some parents impose gender roles by rewarding gender –typical roles in children and punishing behavior that is inconsistent with the predefi ned gender roles. Further examination of Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity indicates that the authors are inclined towards a liberal position in relation to gender identity and gender roles. This calls into question the traditional views of masculinity and femininity which need to be reconstructed in order to be reflective of individual perspectives (Phillips 457). According to the book, sexual orientation is the direction of one’s sexual interests. This can be towards members of the same sex, members of the other sex or both.

Debate Pro-life and Pro-choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate Pro-life and Pro-choice - Essay Example This is in relation to the fact that it s the men who mainly create the policies barring women from participating in abortions. This is considering that it is the woman’s choice on whether to bring the child into the world as it involves her health and wellbeing on multiple aspects. In this case, pro-choice activists view it as a violation of human rights towards a given individual, or even on a gender basis. This is following the issue of women being forced to bring to life children they cannot handle on their own, or even do not want to bring into the world (â€Å"Crisis Pregnancy Centers† 3). Pro-choice activists also argue that forcing a woman to bring such a child into this world is an immoral act, as unwanted children are the largest cause of violence (Riley 1). In this regard, children have a moral right to responsible and willing parents, which make conscious conception a necessity in today’s world with all its social tragedies. The pro-choice argument at tempts to cover the wellbeing of both the child and the mother by bringing into perspective the social and economic wellbeing of the child and the health of the mother. In this light, the pro-choice argument supports legal abortion as it is of the view that whether abortion is legal or illegal, abortions are bound to happen, and it would rather they were legal in order to be safe than unsafe due to their illegality. On the other hand, the pro-life argument concerns itself with pushing for the rights of the fetus based on the belief that it remains an unborn human being. As a result, the fetus has equal rights as any other normal human being. Furthermore, it concerns itself with the innocence of the fetus, where its innocence is similar to that a child with no offence and no knowledge of the world. Pro-life activists argue that it is immoral to end the life of an unborn fetus, as

Participation Questions Week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Participation Questions Week 2 - Essay Example Why are companies interested in operational management today? Why is it important? What is the relationship between operational management and supply chain management? How are operations management functions performed at your organization? Companies are interested in operational management today because of how important it is to get daily work done efficiently, timely, accurately and at a low cost. It is necessary to ensure that the processes of creating a product actually works right and that improvements are made in customer service that can lead to cost reductions. Because every organization produces some product or service, an understating of modern or up-to-date approaches to managing operations is a good idea. In the past, manufacturing businesses showed more interest in the use of operations strategies and operations management but a business that offers a service can better offer that service in a more efficient manner if it treated the actual customer service as a product. According to the week one course overview, operations management refers to the direction and control of the processes that turn inputs into finished products or services and supply chain is the link between the suppliers of the material and services that convert throughout the process, the ideas and raw materials into the finished product. I work at a college and the operations management functions has so many levels. Because I work in the College of Continuing Studies, it is easy to see how the process for this particular level works. Most offices perform meeting and follow-up meetings that may be an expression of ideas that could possibly turn into a process. The follow-up meetings with expected target dates and action items seem to be the best way to ensure that the meetings have not just been a waste of time. I agree with your view that companies today are interested in operational management today

K-Swiss Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

K-Swiss - Research Paper Example From first half sales of $274 million and profits of $45 million in 2006, the company's sales and profits dropped to $225 million and $26 million in the same period in 2007. This case reviews the company's performance, analyzes the potential reasons for the large drop in sales and profits after forty years, and suggests changes in corporate strategies. K-Swiss primarily designs, develops, and markets athletic footwear for sports use, fitness activities, and casual wear under the brand names K-Swiss and Royal Elastics. It also markets apparel and accessories under the K-Swiss brand: tennis apparel such as skirts, shorts, tops, polos, dresses, and warm-ups for men and women, as well as tee shirts, caps, socks, and bags for casual athletic consumers. Products are sold through sales executives, independent sales representatives, and its website www.kswiss.com to specialty athletic footwear stores, pro shops, sporting good stores, and department stores here and overseas. Arthur and Ernest Brunner were avid skiers and tennis players who moved from Switzerland to California in 1966 to start a business venture selling shoes. In the typical fashion of craftsmanship for which the Swiss are known worldwide, they designed a shoe that responded to and supported the specific needs of tennis players by focusing particularly on cushioning for the soles of the feet, as well as the construction of a firm upper that would not easily give way to the pressure of forceful lateral movement (Schlax 7). Marketing, Design and Pricing Strategies They called their shoe "The Classic", introducing the product at Wimbledon in 1966 where it met with great success. The design of the shoe was intended for intense use, but its appearance was simple, austere, and elegant: three sturdy leather pieces constituted the shoe's upper, which was held in place by five narrow leather strips. The sole was a thin but strong strip of lightly treaded rubber that allowed it to be light and relatively frictionless. Aside from a small Swiss flag on the heel of the shoe, the K-"Classic" was entirely white in color, giving the shoe a timeless, preppy appearance. Each piece was numbered, the label was hand-sewn into the shoe's inner lining, and each pair sold for $20 when the most expensive tennis shoe at the time sold for only $7.50. Tennis players and upscale consumers took to the shoe immediately, and soon K-Swiss was enjoying a small but growing popularity in the U.S. as a fashion statement: simple, elegant, sturdy, and expensive. It was not only used for tennis and walking, but for daily casual wear, its white color allowing it to be used by men and women with any fashion combination (Taub 9). Its West Coast location attracted a great number of Japanese residents and tourists, and by the early 1970s, K-Swiss gained an almost cult-like status in Japan, moving the company to open dozens of accounts in that country. When the company's U.S. market exploded, the company began manufacturing the shoes in Southeast Asia, where labor costs were lower,

Adebat about can any one be an entrepreneur including with the Essay

Adebat about can any one be an entrepreneur including with the strength about it and proving them also weaknesses and prove it - Essay Example 3) The acceptance of failure or risk. From the economist’s point of view, an entrepreneur is an individual who brings together labor, resources, materials and other valuable assets into a combined form that brings out a value that is greater than before. An entrepreneur can also be defined as person who introduces innovations, changes, and some form of new order. The psychologist says that such individuals are driven certain internal forces of the urge to attain or obtain something, to accomplish, to experiment, or just to escape the authority of other individuals. To a business person, an entrepreneur will be treated as a threat or an aggressive competitor. Again to the same business person, an entrepreneur can be a benefiting factor as one can become a business ally, customer, supplier or creator of wealth to others. An entrepreneur can also be seen as a person who is finding better ways to reduce waste, utilize resources or produce jobs to those who are jobless. Entrepreneurship is also seen as a dynamical process of producing an increment of wealth (Casson, 2008). This wealth is frequently created by the people who take an assumption to some significant risks in terms of time, equity. However, these definitions will tend to view the entrepreneur from different perspectives, but they have similar notions about organizing, newness, wealth, creating, novelty and the risk taking. Each definition is sometimes restrictive because entrepreneurs are found in all professions such as education, law, research, engineering, social work, medicine, distribution and government. Entrepreneurship is a means of creating new things with some added value by devoting the required effort and resources. At the same time assuming psychic, social risks, financial and acceptance of the results of the monetary rewards and the personal independence and satisfaction. The definition of the entrepreneur stresses four

Brand Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Brand Management - Coursework Example Overall branding is viewed as a differentiated strategy through which the customers can easily distinguish the features of a product from that of similar products offered by other marketers. It is also viewed as a tool used by the marketers to position the products with a reliable image of quality and values to make certain the growth of a recurring fondness by the consumer. That is why it is often said that products are something which is manufactured in the factories. Brands are something developed in the minds of the customers; and, hence, the customers do not buy the product; customers actually buy the brand. From the discussion it is quite evident that in order to gain a competitive position in the market it would be important for the marketers to develop a strong brand. However, developing a strong brand is not an isolated approach; rather it is a holistic one which includes a combination of marketing activities. The present study has been conducted in lieu to critically analyz e various aspects related to a brand. The brand chosen happens to the largest coffee chain in the world, Starbucks. During the course of study various elements of the brand, the present branding strategy of the company, the marketing and communications strategy of the company as well as the key factors related to the brand equity of the brand has been analyzed by using various analytical and marketing tools and models. Back ground of the brand By Origin Starbucks is an American coffee chain which has now become the largest coffee chain in the world and the one of most popular global brands. The company began its journey in 1971. The headquarters of the company is located in Seattle, US. The company has 20,891 stores in sixty two countries. The product of the company includes Coffee, Tea, Smoothies and Frappuccino beverages. As on 2012 the company had 149,000 employees and the revenue of the firm happened to be US$ 13.29 billion. The chairperson, President and CEO of the company is M r. Howard Schultz. . Brand Elements Brand elements are a set of elements that are utilized by a brand to develop a unique position in the minds of the consumers. Brand elements play an instrumental role in creating brand identity. Creation of a unique brand identity is quite important as it helps the marketer to define how brands plan to leverage the brand to reach the predefined corporate vision; to support to corporate values and achieve the corporate vision. Ultimately it helps the company to achieve brand loyalty and equity (Keller, 2012, p.399). One of the key brand elements of Starbucks has been the logo of the company; the first logo of the company was developed in the year 1971. The next was built in the year 1987. The next logo was built in the year 1992. The present logo is almost the same as the one built in the year 1992. The star of the logo represents the company that provides high quality offerings and has been living up to the expectations of the customers for quite a long time. Another key element of the brand would be the packaging of the products (Arvidsson, 2006, p. 201) The packaging of the cups are simple and yet attractive. One of the key features of is the cups are recyclable (Elliott and Percy, 2007, p. 291). Through such brand elements the Starbucks

Questions (team decision) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions (team decision) - Assignment Example The business operations should be aligned with the mayor’s goals in order stay in the business while addressing the mayor’s concerns. For instance, the hotels should create policies that will ensure that the business operate in environmental friendly way. The policies should focus on the social responsibilities of the firm. This means that in order stay in the business, the hotel should ensure that it restores the natural environment that has been destroyed by the business operations. The hotel should also agree to pay fines that are equivalent the destructions they cause on the natural surroundings. In this case, one would justify the decision to fulfill the responsibility and face certain loss by focusing on the benefits of the natural environment in the community. The case can be justified if the benefits of the natural environment outweigh the benefits of the hotels. For instance, it is worthy to eliminate the hotels as a long term solution since this will allows the beach plant to grow. This will attract more tourists, which will benefit the whole community. The hotels only benefit the hotel owners. One would also justify ignoring the responsibility by focusing on the benefits of the hotel. For instance, eliminating the hotels would lead to the loss of employment in the community. In addition, share holders will incur huge

Kirk Patrick, Kirk Samuda, Analog ; Digital Signals Essay Example for Free

Kirk Patrick, Kirk Samuda, Analog ; Digital Signals Essay Understanding the nature of digital signals, binary, and other multi-level signal types do require an explanation of the two most prominent telecommunications types that exist, and examples of how they are applicable to specific devices, the binary is association and its function. (Please note that the majority of the information below are extracts from various websites, used to validate and support a theoretical premise; on which an understanding of multilevel signals exist. ) Analog and Digital Signals The term analog comes from the word analogous meaning something is similar to something else. It is used to describe devices that turn the movement or condition of a natural event into similar electronic or mechanical signals. For example a non-digital watch contains a movement that is constantly active in order to display time, which is also constantly active. Our time is measured in ranges of hours, minutes, seconds, months, years, etc. The display of a watch constantly tracks time within these ranges. In effect the data represented on a watch may have any number of values within a fairly large range. The watchs movement is analogous to the movement of time. In this respect the data produced is analog data. Digital signals, on the other hand, are distinctively different. Digital signals dont have large ranges, nor do they reflect constant activity. Digital signals have very few values. Each signal is unique from a previous digital value and unique from one to come. In effect, a digital signal is a snapshot of a condition and does not represent continual movement. Binary Association Every electronic signal is broken down into binary language, classified as ‘0’ and ‘1’. The most obvious example of digital data is that communicated on-board a computer. Since a computers memory is simply a series of switches that can either be on or off, digital data directly represents one of these two conditions. We typically represent this on and off status with 1s and 0s where 1 represents an on bit and 0 represents off. The nature of analog is to closely capture the essence of natural phenomenon, with its action and subtlety. Digital data can only attempt to capture natural phenomenon by sampling it at distinct intervals, creating a digital representation composed of 1s and 0s. Obviously, if the interval between samples is too large, the digital representation less accurately represents the phenomenon. If the sampling occurs at too short of an interval, then an inordinate amount of digital resources may be utilized to capture the phenomenon. The changes involved may not be significant enough to warrant so frequent a sampling for accuracys sake. To digitally represent sound authentically, a sample must be taken over 44, 500 times per second. When copying an analog signal from one generation to another, deterioration of the original signal occurs. A prime example is when we copy a videotape. Since video recorders are analog machines, copying a tape several times results in the accumulation of unwanted analog values called noise. Eventually these signals become so evident, that the original analog signal is compromised and the video dub suffers from intense graininess and poor audio sound. Our technology is limited in the transmission and duplication of analog signals because of the infinite number of values that are allowable. Digital signals, however, have basically two values. It is much easier to work with two values rather than an infinite number. Consequently our current level of technology allows us to maintain the original quality of a digital signal. With a value of on or off. Advantages and Disadvantages The main advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation is that in digital modulation, all input and output are in binary form. Anything that isnt a 1 or a 0 is rejected by the modulator. This filters out a lot of noise that analog modulation lets through, which may not be related to the intended message. Advantages Noise immunity Multiplexing(Time domain) Regeneration Simple to evaluate and measure Disadvantages Requires more bandwidth Additional encoding (A/D) and decoding (D/A) circuitry Digital modulation can easily detect and correct noise. Whereas analog modulation has little complexity digital modulation is preferred over analog because it is by far more secure. Digital modulation can easily detect and correct noise irregularities. Analog modulation though complex is minute when compared to digital modulation. Digital modulated signal can travel a longer distance compared to analog modulation. Analog signals have a great advantage over digital signals in that they have a much higher density that can present more refined information. Disadvantages of the system include the tendency to create unwanted variations in the information transmission such as noise, which can occur in random patterns. When a signal is copied and potentially re-copied, each subsequent version exhibits more of the random patterns, making information transmission harder and ultimately causes signal loss. In order to avoid these disadvantages, or at least mitigate their effects, the concept of  modulation can be used. The base signal is modified in some way to help retain the information as it is transmitted. An example of this is when the amplitude of a waveform is altered in what is known as amplitude modulation. Other options for retaining an electric signal over different generations are by using increased shielding or different cable types twisted together.

Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles Essay Example for Free

Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles Essay Hello my name is Chassidy Mitchem I would absolutely love to be a part of your cosmetology program. I love to do hair and, make up. Doing hair is something I enjoy doing in my free time. It’s a way to get away from people and let my mind explore into better things. I enjoy looking and trying new hair styles and colors. I have done makeup and hair for Homecoming court and Grand March. It would be an absolute dream to get into this school and have some hands on time with the things I love doing while learning more about Cosmetology. Cosmetology is very important to the world because someone will always want their hair done or make up done. Most people only want to go to a professional so they know they will be getting the best of their money. You could also be able to set up your own business around your area. I differ from a lot of my peers because no one really understands the importance of Cosmetology the way I do. Everyone thinks it useless. Cosmetology is just as important as other jobs because someone will always need you. There will always be someone needing their eye brows done or maybe there nails especially during homecoming and prom or even a wedding. I’ve talked to a couple people and got some really interesting opinions. Some people has told me I wouldn’t make it and some people has told me I would, but my motto is â€Å"Never give up, because you never know how close you are to fulfilling your dream.† I plan on getting this degree and opening my own salon and I feel that it will give me knowledge I need to know for success. I learned to do this at a young age and I feel very strong about this career. I believe this will be the field I dedicate myself to. I hope to be attending this college at whatever time the school year would begin

The causes and effects of globalization

The causes and effects of globalization Introduction Globalization is the integration of world cultures and economies. Whether aware of it or not people everywhere are witnessing and contributing to the globalization process everywhere. It effects societies, politics and ways of life around the world and is driven by human migration, international trade and integration of financial markets. Although recently on the rise due to tremendous technological advancements there is nothing new about globalization. Even in the Middle Ages explorers such as Ibn-e-batuta and marc-o-polo started it off with epic journeys and returning home with tales of different cultures and places. Trade drives globalization today, modern transportation and telecommunications have made it easier to export and import from faraway places. United in diversity this is the motto of the European Union which began as an agreement between six countries with the goal of creating lasting regional piece. The big star of globalization today is undoubtedly the internet enabling interpersonal communication and business transactions in a matter of seconds; it has revolutionized our world in only a few years. Migration plays a major role in the worlds economy, the World Bank estimates show that migrants in developed countries sent home more than 223 billion dollars to their families in developing countries in 2005. Some traditional descriptions of globalization and economic globalization include: Definitions Globalization: It is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread of technology, and military presence. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio cultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation. An aspect of the world which has gone through the process can be said to be globalized. Economic Globalization: Economic globalization refers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology and capital. It is the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market. Depending on the paradigm, globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon. Economic globalization comprises the globalization of production, markets, competition, technology, and corporations and industries. Whilst economic globalization has been occurring for the last several hundred years, it has begun to occur at an increased rate over the last 20-30 years. This recent boom has been largely accounted by developed economies integrating with less developed economies, by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers, and the modernization of these developing cultures. Effects of Globalization: Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways Industrial emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies, particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. Financial emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. By the early part of the 21st century more than $1.5 trillion in national currencies were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and investment. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased as evidenced by the financial crisis of 2007-2010. Economic realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however, meant that an economic collapse in one area could impact other areas. With globalization, companies can produce goods and services in the lowest cost location. This may cause jobs to be moved to locations that have the lowest wages, least worker protection and lowest health benefits. For Industrial activities this may cause production to move to areas with the least pollution regulations or worker safety regulations. Job Market- competition in a global job market. In the past, the economic fate of workers was tied to the fate of national economies. With the advent of the information age and improvements in communication, this is no longer the case. Because workers compete in a global market, wages are less dependent on the success or failure of individual economies. This has had a major effect on wages and income distribution. Competition Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition. Cultural growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase ones standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a world culture. Ethical The creation of the international criminal court and international justice movements. Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation. The emergence of Global administrative law. Conclusion Globalization has been happening for centuries and in spite of its dangers it is an immense force for growth and prosperity. We will conclude this discussion by presenting an interesting work by Benjamin R. Barber Jihad vs. McWorld How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. Jihad vs. McWorld is the title of a 1992 article that was later adapted into a book by political scientist Benjamin R. Barber, in which he puts forth a theory that describes the struggle between McWorld (globalization and the corporate control of the political process) and Jihad (tradition and traditional values, in the form of extreme nationalism or religious orthodoxy and theocracy). As economic liberalism is the force behind globalization, this critique is relevant on a much larger scale. Unregulated market forces encounter parochial (tribal) forces. These tribal forces come in many varieties: religious, cultural, ethnic, regional, local, etc. As globalization imposes a culture of its own on a population, the tribal forces feel threatened and react. More than just economic, the crises that arise from these confrontations often take on a sacred quality to the tribal elements; thus Barbers use of the term Jihad. Barbers prognosis is generally negative he concludes that neither global corporations nor traditional cultures are supportive of democracy. He further posits that McWorld could ultimately win the struggle. He also proposes a model for small, local democratic institutions and civic engagement as a hope for an alternative to these two forces.

W.H. Audens Poems and Homosexuality Essay -- Auden Gay Homosexual Poe

W.H. Auden's Poems and Homosexuality W. H. Auden published â€Å"This lunar beauty† in 1930; he published â€Å"Now through night’s caressing grip† in 1935, and he published â€Å"Lay your sleeping head, my love† in 1937 (Auden 16; 41; 51). â€Å"[I]t has been argued that the first part of the twentieth century’s culture is dominated by attempts to keep homosexuality hidden, †¦ [and a] number of homosexual writers in the period maintain public silence about their sex lives, and dramatize homosexual themes indirectly, if at all† (Caserio). While it’s unclear whether Auden’s abovementioned 1930s poems dramatize homosexual themes, they do share obscure settings and references to wandering, clandestine lovers who seek healing, safety, and freedom. The lovers find what they seek both in the obscurity of the night and in the obscure diction of the poems’ speakers who don’t even identify them by gender. The speakers act as the mediators of the exper ience of clandestine love and they invite readers to travel to places where illicit love occurs, empathize with clandestine lovers, and see the beauty in their love. Because genders are carefully obscured, the poems serve as pieces of coded propaganda that advocate for the freedom of clandestine, and possibly homosexual, lovers. First, all three poems share obscure, nighttime settings and references to wandering, clandestine lovers who seek healing, safety, and freedom. â€Å"This lunar beauty† is described in the following manner: This like a dream Keeps other time And daytime is The loss of this; For time is inches And the heart’s changes Where ghost has haunted Lost and wanted. (8-15) Da... ... Transgender, and Queer Culture. Ed. Claude J. Summers. 5 Apr. 2005. New England Publishing Associates. 10 May 2005 . Grimshaw, Tammy. â€Å"The Sexual Offences Act, 1967.† The Literary Encyclopedia. 16 Aug. 2004. The Literary Dictionary Company Limited. 10 May 2005 . Hammelmann, H. A. â€Å"Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution.† The Modern Law Review 21.1 (1958): 68-73. Rousseau, George S. â€Å"Travel Literature.† glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual,Transgender, and Queer Culture. Ed. Claude J. Summers. 23 Nov. 2002. New England Publishing Associates. 10 May 2005 . â€Å"Succubus.† Def. 1. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 10 May 2005 . Ten, C. L. â€Å"Enforcing a Shared Morality.† Ethics 82.4 (1972):' 321-329.

The Atlantic Slave Trade Essay -- Slavery History Essays

The Atlantic Slave Trade The changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that slavery was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal slavery existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. However, the number of persons held in slavery in Africa, was very small, since no economic or social system had developed for exploiting them (Manning 97). The new system-Atlantic slave trade-became quite different from the early African slavery. The influence of the Atlantic slave trade brought radical changes to the economy of Africa. At the time of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa was an area that had far-flung interests based on agriculture, industry, and commerce (Curtin 54). Complex stratified societies based on settled village agriculture were developed throughout the continent. â€Å"Essentially agricultural, the peoples of Africa displayed a remarkable degree of specialization within this ancient economic pursuit,† writes John Hope Franklin, the author of From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (p. 18). In addition to agriculture, artistry was a significant area of economic community. Even less complex communities included some with various skills. Furtherm...

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical Companies Essays -- Drug C

ADHD, Ritalin, Families, and Pharmaceutical Companies In today's fast-paced society, it seems that prescription drugs are a more reasonable and reliable solution for children and adults than diet and exercise for the "disease" known as ADHD. Rather than take the time to play with their children, or institute a proper diet, it seems that increasing numbers of parents would rather treat their children's unexplained zest for life with pills and doctors. While there are some explanations and reasons for the diagnosis of this popular disease, most children are improperly diagnosed, and are therefore taking unneeded medication. This medication is costly and it can be argued those who benefit from the sale of these drugs most are the pharmaceutical companies who develop, advertise, and sell them. According to Goodman in The Journal of Special Education (1992) The most well known drug used to treat ADHD is Ritalin, which is a Class 2 drug, in the same category as cocaine and morphine. Some of the side effects relate to lack of or increase appetite, lack of or increased sleep, and lack of growth. Because of the fairly recent introduction of this drug to cure this disease, the social and psychological implications have not yet been seen. If this trend of cure before prevention continues, pharmaceutical companies will become ever richer at our children's expense. Most people think that Attention Deficit Disorders are simply linked to children and their inability to concentrate, pay attention or sit still for long periods of time, but it can affect adults as well, making it hard to function at the work or in school. People also dismiss signs and symptoms of ADHD as misbehavior or lack of discipline by the parents. Ho... ... http://my.webmd.com/article/79/96235.htm (April 30 2006) 3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 2006 [Online] Available: http://nimh.nih.gov (May 3, 2006) 4. Information for patients or their parents or caregivers: Strattera (atomoxetine HCI) 2002. Eli Lily and Company. [Online] Available: http://google.fda.gov (April 27, 2006) 5. What Drug Companies Aren't Telling You. 2006 (Online) Available: http://www.aflcio.org/aboutaflcio/magazine/0503_bigfix.cfm (April 15, 2006) 6.Concerta for ADHD 12/04 (Online) Available:http://www.adhdhelp.org/concerta.htm (May 10, 2006)

Obamacare Current Event Essay

The article talks about â€Å"What was sold to the American people as the greatest reform of the U.S. healthcare system in our history is turning out to be the biggest contributing factor destroying the greatest economy in the history of the planet.† In addition the article is talking about how employers are being forced to cut full time people and make them part time. Also it talks about how that it is not the employers fault it is just that some corporations just have to many employees to where they cannot afford to insure everyone so that being said many employers are cutting people from full time to part time which is better than laying people off and keeping less employees and provide them with health insurance. Personally I dislike this entire Obamacare idea it is narrowing the amount of jobs that teens are able to have even smaller. Also I am currently working at Meijer in Portage and I have been trying to keep up with the news and about a few weeks ago after Obamacare started to take effect in businesses I realized that they had starting cutting everyone’s hours at my place of employment. After I noticed that I started to spread the word to my fellow employees because some of them have families and have to support them with their job, so after I told them many of the workers searched for different jobs. Also I have been hearing a lot of talk about how that there will be no middle class and that there will be only an upper and lower class. People don’t realize that the Obamacare plan is increasing that gap tremendously because it is causing people with good jobs to make less because their employer cannot afford to insure them with the Obamacare. In addition while people are being part time it is cause people to go out and get jobs that they are way over qualified for just to support their families. Since Obamacare is a national government order that has taken place the promotion and marketing of it is phenomenal. Even though I consider it to be pretty terrible, the way that it has been marketed that it was going to be this great plan that would help people that didn’t have health care was great. It got people excited but them not knowing what it would cost them in the long run.

Different Aspects of Emily Essay

Often people are stuck in the past and cannot accept the truth, the present, and modernization going around them. The character of Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is one from this category of people. Emily Grierson was a strange personality with distinguished characteristics. From the point of view of many, she is a crazy woman because she kills her lover in order to keep him forever with herself. Miss Emily Grierson is a static character that is locked in her past life. She is not able to change herself and roll on with the wheels of time. William Faulkner, through the use of various symbols indicating death and decay, portrayed a woman whose life ends long before her death. The first and one of the significant symbols of death and decay presented in the story is Miss Emily’s house itself. The look, setting and atmosphere of the house provide us with the features of death and decay in Emily’s life. The street where her house is located has changed completely except Miss Emily’s house. â€Å"Garages and cotton gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that neighborhood† (28). The house that once had been beautiful is destroyed now. â€Å"†¦lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps- an eyesore among eyesores† (28). Cotton gins, cotton wagons, and the gasoline pipes are all symbols indicating the new and modernized era and period where still stands, Emily’s old and destroyed house. Emily’s house was an eyesore in the city, and Emily herself was a greater eyesore in her society. The entire look from the inside of the house is also a symbol representing death and decay. The inside of her house is explored in the story for the first time when the deputation committee came to ask Miss Emily to pay her taxes. They passed through the door that no visitor had passed since a long time and entered a dim hall. â€Å"When the Negro opened the blinds of one window, they could see that the leather was cracked; and when they sat down, a faint dust rose sluggishly about their thighs, spinning with slow motes in the single sun-ray† (29). The old furniture in her house, the cracks on her sofa and the dust-covered things in the place suggest the dark aspect of her  life. The darkness and dimmed atmosphere of the place, throw us into an aura of dullness and sadness that demonstrates the significant feature of Emily’s character. Miss Emily Grierson, herself is the most important symbol representing death and decay in her own life. Her appearance, face and her features all suggest a sort of dullness and stillness in her life. â€Å"She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (29). The description of Emily and the features of her face provided by the author demonstrate the dry and deadly character of Emily more clearly. Miss Emily is also a very unsocial and isolated person. The over protecting behavior of her father and too many restrictions put upon her by him, had a great influence and impact in shaping her personality. She lacks the elements of active social life and art of communication in her life. Emily has an extremely proud and self-important disposition because of her family status. â€Å"She carried her head high enough- even when we believed that she was fallen† (32). This sentence portrays her aristocratic behavior and high attitude. Her aristocratic behavior isolates her more from the society, leaving her alone with her gradual death, her sole companion. Emily’s inability to accept the present and change itself is a significant symbol demonstrating death and decay in her life. For example, when authorities come to her and ask her to pay her taxes she in return tells them; â€Å"See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson† (30). At that time, nearly ten years had passed since the death of colonel Sartoris. This instance clearly shows Emily’s involvement in her past life, and the fact that she was not moving on with the pace of time. Another scene more clearly depicting this characteristic of Emily is when her father dies; she keeps the dead body of her father for three days in her house. After the death of her father she cuts her hair short; â€Å"†¦her hair was short, making her look like a girl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (31). This incident also emphasizes that she wants to be her father’s little daughter again. This incident demonstrates that she does not have the ability to accept the reality, or maybe she does not want to do so. Homer Barron is a symbol representing modernization and arrival of new period and age. Homer is a Northerner, a Yankee, presenting the era of manufacturing industry, technology, innovation, and reconstruction. His purpose of coming to the South is to work for construction and renovation; paving the sidewalks of the city. His personal character also demonstrates elements of modernization. He does not care about the code of behavior which is important in Emily’s community, a Southern society. The story presents Homer as a person who is not a marrying man and likes to be free and prefers bachelor life. â€Å"Whenever you heard a lot of laughing anywhere about the square, Homer Barron would be in the center of the group† (31). The description of Homer Barron in the story suggests that he was a carefree person, liked parties and enjoyed meeting with others. It also demonstrates his lively character which is completely the opposite personality of Emily Grierson. Homer was a person representing present and future, and Emily can not leave her past and move ahead so she kills Homer and keep him for ever hers. All of the symbols present the isolated and steady character of Emily, which was still and static through the passage of time. Emily’s soul was covered with the dust of loneliness and dimmed by grief, sorrow and everlasting sadness. In the story â€Å"fallen monument† refers to Emily. Emily was a monument, a legend that has been ruined and shattered by the passage of time because of lack of care and attention. Not a single light of joy or happiness was in her life. Being a young woman, once she had been beautiful and attractive, but she was left alone because of the circumstances in her life. Emily lost her soul gradually through her lifetime and was actually dead long before her death. Work Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily.† Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 8th ed. New York: Longman, 2002. 28-35.

Industrial Electronics Bonus

Industrial Electronics, Inc. Is an electronic equipment company that has annual sales exceeding $ 8 Billion. The company is set up by product line and operates as 16 divisions, reporting to four business managers. Unfortunately, due to the recession and the competitiveness of the emerging and developing industry, the bonus pool for the employees has decreased causing Issues with employee morale, and can overall affect the profitability of the organization If the company analyzed the ROI of turnover and training.Therefore, the company reviewed the current bonus structure and proposed a new bonus structure for the Division Managers, as they currently felt their contributions to their departments was not being rewarded. The current bonus system focus on the overall goals of the company. Although it is essential to set and communicate company goals, having this one structure as the only measurement for bonus can be detrimental. If one or a few departments contribute to the company not ac hieving their goals, this means that all employees and departments are not being recognized for their contributions.The current goal is a 10% bonus pool of the company's profitability after taxes in excess of 12& of the company's book net worth allocated for the bonus pool. The proposed bonus structure Is set up to drive the performance more directly related to the division, but not does not focus on any overall company goals. In order to stay in business the overall goals and financial metrics need to be a part of the bonus system. The targets for this new structure are set and negotiated during the budgeting process.If the division managers are going to be held to achieve and/or et these standards their input should be taken into consideration during the budgeting process if they are not directing Involved or responsible for the budgets. This will allow the organization to have the buy In and accountability from the Division Managers and their employees throughout the year in achi eving these targets. This will also allow for employees to be more responsible for controllable cost and waste.The proposed bonus system percentage awards of the Division Managers Base Salary would be: Dillon A : 63. 5% 150% (this is the maximum amount payable) DiViSion B. Division C: 63. 7% Division D: 68 Division E. 26. 2% An optimal bonus plan for Industrial Electronics, would be one that comprises both and success overall in order to pay out bonus and provide employment, but they can drive this overall company success also through operational excellence, key metrics and standards at the divisional level.Therefore, the bonus plan should include company objective and division objective. The divisional objectives should be directly related that divisions related business relevance to the organization, with set key performance indicators which can include sales, output, controllable costs as labor, reduce costs, waste, turnover, etc. The bonus plan also should not be structured as a n all aqua r nothing.For example, maybe it the division does not achieve it sales goals but maintain the controllable expense in accordance with the achieved sales, they receive a partial bonus. If the division does not hit its target but the company does the employees still received a portion of the bonus, as they are part of the organizational teams overall success. Their individual performance behaviors or lack thereof, should be addressed during their buy seines reviews and/or salary review and increases.

Boys don’t play with dolls’ Essay

The Vietnam War is still the United States’ most famous (or infamous) war even if new conflicts have risen over the years. The numerous films made about the Vietnam War are a testament to its fame (or infamy). This paper would be a review of two internet sites reviewing the cause of conflict, social stratification, type of conflict, and how the war ended. According to vietnampix. com the war on Vietnam started because of the splitting of the country. The French used to dominate Vietnam but when they were defeated, the country was divided into two. Sometime between 1955 and 1960, the communist occupied North Vietnam tried to invade the Democratic South. Aided by two other communist countries China and Russia, the North was determined to conquer the whole country. Fearing the spread of communism, the US had to interfere. (The Vietnam War Background). Social Stratification had a big role in the war; in fact, it is part of the cause. Communism is based on a form of society where everybody else is equal, except for the officials. Democracy on the other hand believes in open opportunities for all. Not being able to agree on this divided the country which would eventually lead to the Vietnam War. The type of conflict of the Vietnam War is a mixture of different types. It was first a revolution against France which has ruled the country for a long time. And then it became a Civil War as the country was divided into two halves—the communist North and the democratic South led by Ngo Dinh Diem. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). It quickly became a feud of all sorts when America decided to take part in the war in order to stop the spread of communism in the world. On paper, the conflict was ended through the Paris Peace Agreement in January 1973 but hostilities between opposing forces were still happening. (Vietnam. vassar. edu). The result of the conflict were, a rare US loss, millions of lives gone, and a country devastated. References Vietnampix. com (n. d). The Vietnam War: Background. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://www. vietnampix. com/intro. htm Vassar College (n. d). The Wars of Vietnam. Retrieved June 25, 2009. from: http://vietnam. vassar. edu/overview. html

Case Nestle

NESTLE CASE STUDY Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational businesses. The company was founded in Switzerland in 1866 by Heinrich Nestle, who established Nestle to distribute â€Å"milk food,† a type of infant food he had invented that was made from powdered milk, baked food, and sugar. From its very early days, the company looked to other countries for growth opportunities, establishing its first foreign offices in London in 1868. In 1905, the company merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, thereby broadening the company’s product line to include both condensed milk and infant formulas.Forced by Switzerland’s small size to look outside’ its borders for growth opportunities, Nestle established condensed milk and infant food processing plants in the United States and Britain in the late 19th century and in Australia, South America, Africa, and Asia in the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1929, Nestle moved into the chocolate business when it acquired a Swiss chocolate maker. This was followed in 1938 by the development of Nestle’s most revolutionary product, Nescafe, the world’s first soluble coffee drink.After World War 11, Nestle continued to expand into other areas of the food business, primarily through a series of acquisitions that included Maggi (1947), Cross & Blackwell (1960), Findus (1962), Libby’s (1970), Stouffer’s (1973), Carnation (1985), Rowntree (1988), and Perrier (1992). By the late 1990s, Nestle had 500 factories in 76 countries and sold its products in a staggering 193 nations-almost every country in the world. In 1998, the company generated sales of close to SWF 72 billion ($51 billion), only 1 percent of which occurred in its home country.Similarly, only 3 percent of its- 210,000 employees were located in Switzerland. Nestle was the world’s biggest maker of infant formula, powdered milk, chocolates, instant coffee, soups, and mineral waters. It was number t wo in ice cream, breakfast cereals, and pet food. Roughly 38 percent of its food sales were made in Europe, 32 percent in the Americas, and 20 percent in Africa and Asia. Management Structure Nestle is a decentralized organization. Responsibility for operating decisions is pushed down to local units, which typically enjoy a high degree f autonomy with regard to decisions involving pricing, distribution, marketing, human resources, and so on. At the same time, the company is organized into seven worldwide strategic business units (SBUs) that have responsibility for high-level strategic decisions and business development. For example, a strategic business unit focuses on coffee and beverages. Another one focuses on confectionery and ice cream. These SBUs engage in overall strategy development, including acquisitions and market entry strategy. In recent years, two-thirds of Nestle’s growth has come from acquisitions, so this is a critical function.Running in parallel to this str ucture is a regional organization that divides the world into five major geographical zones, such as Europe, North America and Asia. The regional organizations assist in the overall strategy development process and are responsible for developing regional strategies (an example would be Nestle’s strategy in the Middle East, which was discussed earlier). Neither the SBU nor regional managers, however, get involved in local operating or strategic decisions on anything other than an exceptional basis.Although Nestle makes intensive use of local managers to knit its diverse worldwide operations together, the company relies on its â€Å"expatriate army. †Ã‚   This consists of about 700 managers who spend the bulk of their careers on foreign assignments, moving from one country to the next. Selected primarily on the basis of their ability, drive and willingness to live a quasi-nomadic lifestyle, these individuals often work in half-a-dozen natiosn during their careers. Nestle also uses management development programs as a strategic tool for creating an  esprit de corps  among managers.At Rive-Reine, the company’s international training center in Switzerland, the company brings together, managers from around the world, at different stages in their careers, for specially targetted development programs of two to three weeks’ duration. The objective of these programs is to give the managers a better understanding of Nestle’s culture and strategy, and to give them access to the company’s top management. The research and development operation has a special place within Nestle, which is not surprising for a company that was established to commercialize innovative foodstuffs.The R&D function comprises 18 different groups that operate in 11 countries throughout the world. Nestle spends approximately 1 percent of its annual sales revenue on R&D and has 3,100 employees dedicated to the function. Around 70 percent of the R&D budget i s spent on development initiatives. These initiatives focus on developing products and processes that fulfill market needs, as identified by the SBUs, in concert with regional and local managers. For example, Nestle instant noodle products were originally developed by the R&D group in response to the perceived needs of local operating companies through the Asian region.The company also has longer-term development projects that focus on developing new technological platforms, such as non-animal protein sources or agricultural biotechnology products. A Growth Strategy for the 21st  Century Despite its undisputed success, Nestle realized by the early 1990s, that it faced significant challenges in maintaining its growth rate. The large Western European and North American markets were mature. In several countries, population growth had stagnated and in some, there had been a small decline in food consumption.The retail environment in many Western nations had become increasingly challen ging and the balance of power was shifting away from the large-scale manufacturers of branded foods and beverages, and toward nationwide supermarket and discount chains. Increasingly, retailers found themselves in the unfamiliar position of playing off against each other – manufacturers of branded foods, thus bargaining down prices. Particularly in Europe, this trend was enhanced by the successful introduction of private-label brands by several of Europe’s leading supermarket chains.The results included increased price competition in several key segments of the food and beverage market, such as cereals, coffee and soft drinks. At Nestle, one response has been to look toward emerging markets in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America for growth possibilities. The logic is simple and obvious – a combination of economic and population growth, when coupled with the widespread adoption of market-oriented economic policies by the governments of many developing nations, makes for attractive business opportunities.Many of these countries are still relatively poor, but their economies are growing rapidly. For example, if current economic growth forecasts occur, by 2010, there will be 700 million people in China and India that have income levels approaching those of Spain in the mid-1990s. As income levels rise, it is increasingly likely that consumers in these nations will start to substitute branded food products for basic foodstuffs, creating a large market opportunity for companies such as Nestle.In general, the company’s strategy had been to enter emerging markets early – before competitors – and build a substantial position by selling basic food items that appeal to the local population base, such as infant formula, condensed milk, noodles and tofu. By narrowing its initial market focus to just a handful of strategic brands, Nestle claims it can simplify life, reduce risk, and concentrate its marketing resources and manager ial effort on a limited number of key niches. The goal is to build a commanding market position in each of these niches.By pursuing such a strategy, Nestle has taken as much as 85 percent of the market for instant coffee in Mexico, 66 percent of the market for powdered milk in the Philippines, and 70 percent of the markets for soups in Chile. As income levels rise, the company progressively moves out from these niches, introducing more upscale items, such as mineral water, chocolate, cookies, and prepared foodstuffs. Although the company is known worldwide for several key brands, such as Nescafe, it uses local brands in many markets.The company owns 8,500 brands, but only 750 of them are registered in more than one country, and only 80 are registered in more than 10 countries. While the company will use the same â€Å"global brands† in multiple developed markets, in the developing world it focuses on trying to optimize ingredients and processing technology to local conditions and then using a brand name that resonates locally. Customization rather than globalization is the key to the company’s strategy in emerging markets. Executing the StrategySuccessful execution of the strategy for developing markets requires a degree of flexibility, an ability to adapt in often unforeseen ways to local conditions, and a long-term perspective that puts building a sustainable business before short-term profitability. In Nigeria, for example, a crumbling road system, aging trucks, and the danger of violence forced the company to re-think its traditional distribution methods. Instead of operating a central warehouse, as is its preference in most nations, the country.For safety reasons, trucks carrying Nestle goods are allowed to travel only during the day and frequently under-armed guard. Marketing also poses challenges in Nigeria. With little opportunity for typical Western-style advertising on television of billboards, the company hired local singers to go to t owns and villages offering a mix of entertainment and product demonstrations. China provides another interesting example of local adaptation and long-term focus. After 13 years of talks, Nestle was formally invited into China in 1987, by the Government of Heilongjiang province.Nestle opened a plant to produce powdered milk and infant formula there in 1990, but quickly realized that the local rail and road infrastructure was inadequate and inhibited the collection of milk and delivery of finished products. Rather than make do with the local infrastructure, Nestle embarked on an ambitious plan to establish its own distribution network, known as milk roads, between 27 villages in the region and factory collection points, called chilling centres.Farmers brought their milk – often on bicycles or carts – to the centres where it was weighed and analysed. Unlike the government, Nestle paid the farmers promptly. Suddenly the farmers had an incentive to produce milk and many bou ght a second cow, increasing the cow population in the district by 3,000 to 9,000 in 18 months. Area managers then organized a delivery system that used dedicated vans to deliver the milk to Nestle’s factory. Although at first glance this might seem to be a very costly solution, Nestle calculated that the long-term benefits would be substantial.Nestle’s strategy is similar to that undertaken by many European and American companies during the first waves of industrialization in those countries. Companies often had to invest in infrastructure that we now take for granted to get production off the ground. Once the infrastructure was in place, in China, Nestle’s production took off. In 1990, 316 tons of powdered milk and infant formula were produced. By 1994, output exceeded 10,000 tons and the company decided to triple capacity.Based on this experience, Nestle decided to build another two powdered milk factories in China and was aiming to generate sales of $700 mil lion by 2000. Nestle is pursuing a similar long-term bet in the Middle East, an area in which most multinational food companies have little presence. Collectively, the Middle East accounts for only about 2 percent of Nestle’s worldwide sales and the individual markets are very small. However, Nestle’s long-term strategy is based on the assumption that regional conflicts will subside and intra-regional trade ill expand as trade barriers between countries in the region come down. Once that happens, Nestle’s factories in the Middle East should be able to sell throughout the region, thereby realizing scale economies. In anticipation of this development, Nestle has established a network of factories in five countries, in the hope that each will, someday, supply the entire region with different products. The company, currently makes ice-cream in Dubai, soups and cereals in Saudi Arabia, yogurt and bouillon in Egypt, chocolate in Turkey, and ketchup and instant noodles in Syria.For the present, Nestle can survive in these markets by using local materials and focusing on local demand. The Syrian factory, for example, relies on products that use tomatoes, a major local agricultural product. Syria also produces wheat, which is the main ingredient in instant noodles. Even if trade barriers don’t come down soon, Nestle has indicated it will remain committed to the region. By using local inputs and focussing on local consumer needs, it has earned a good rate of return in the region, even though the individual markets are small.Despite its successes in places such as China and parts of the Middle East, not all of Nestle’s moves have worked out so well. Like several other Western companies, Nestle has had its problems in Japan, where a failure to adapt its coffee brand to local conditions meant the loss of a significant market opportunity to another Western company, Coca Cola. For years, Nestle’s instant coffee brand was the dominant coffee product in Japan. In the 1960s, cold canned coffee (which can be purchased from soda vending machines) started to gain a following in Japan.Nestle dismissed the product as just a coffee-flavoured drink rather than the real thing and declined to enter the market. Nestle’s local partner at the time, Kirin Beer, was so incensed at Nestle’s refusal to enter the canned coffee market that it broke off its relationship with the company. In contrast, Coca Cola entered the market with Georgia, a product developed specifically for this segment of the Japanese market. By leveraging its existing distribution channel, Coca Cola captured a 40 percent share of the $4 billion a year, market for canned coffee in Japan.Nestle, which failed to enter the market until the 1980s, has only a 4 percent share. While Nestle has built businesses from the ground up, in many emerging markets, such as Nigeria and China, in others it will purchase local companies if suitable candidates can b e found. The company pursued such a strategy in Poland, which it entered in 1994, by purchasing Goplana, the country’s second largest chocolate manufacturer. With the collapse of communism and the opening of the Polish market, income levels in Poland have started to rise and so has chocolate consumption.Once a scarce item, the market grew by 8 percent a year, throughout the 1990s. To take advantage of this opportunity, Nestle has pursued a strategy of evolution, rather than revolution. It has kept the top management of the company staffed with locals – as it does in most of its operations around the world – and carefully adjusted Goplana’s product line to better match local opportunities. At the same time, it has pumped money into Goplana’s marketing, which has enabled the unit to gain share from several other chocolate makers in the country. Still, competition in the market is intense.Eight companies, including several foreign-owned enterprises, s uch as the market leader, Wedel, which is owned by PepsiCo, are vying for market share, and this has depressed prices and profit margins, despite the healthy volume growth. Discussions: 1. Does it make sense for Nestle to focus its growth efforts on emerging markets? Why? 2. What is the company’s strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets? Does this strategy make sense? From an organizational perspective, what is required for this strategy to work effectively? 3. Through your own research on NESTLE, identify appropriate performance indicators.Once you have gathered relevant data on these, undertake a performance analysis of the company over the last five years. What does the analysis tell you about the success or otherwise of the strategy adopted by the company? 4. How would you describe Nestle’s strategic posture at the corporate level; is it pursuing a global strategy, a multidomestic strategy an international strategy or a transnational strateg y? 5. Does this overall strategic posture make sense given the markets and countries that Nestle participates in? Why? 6. Is Nestle’s management structure and philosophy aligned with its overall strategic posture?